Report on Religious Field Research

Report on Religious Field Research Introduction Religion can be described as a belief in a certain superhuman that a group of people uphold and worship for various reasons. The world has so many different religious practices and religions that people belong to, which are acceptable to all since they bring differences to people in society. Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Report on Religious Field Research specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The world today is a melting pot of culture because people from different places now find themselves living together in a mixture of coexistent cultures. Upon getting a chance to interview a catholic faithful, I realized many misconceptions I had about the Catholic religion. My Misconceptions about Catholics Personally, I have also had several misconceptions about other religions around me. One of those religions is the Catholic Church. Based on its practice of Catholicism, the greatest misconception I had about the Catholic religion is that its members believed that their priests and other clergy members could forgive their sins. Catholics have a confession box within the church where members go to confess their sins before the clergy as a way of seeking forgiveness. My view of this was that only God can forgive men of their sins and that no man has the ability of forgiving the other. All human beings are sinful in one way or the other l. There is no perfect man. Therefore, it beats sense to claim that one man can forgive the other of his sin. This misconception has also been informed by my observations on the Catholic clergy people in their daily lives. They are not a perfect lot. They have been accused of so many despicable sins in religion and in general the society in that they cannot offer forgiveness if they are sinners. My misconception of this has been taken away through an explanation by a Catholic believer who informed me that a priest only guides a person through the confession w ith the belief that God will forgive his or her sins after confessing them. Another misconception I have had about the Catholic Church and Catholicism in general is the need for the clergy to practice celibacy. My view of this was that it was a forced practice imposed by the church on anybody who wanted to serve the church as a clergy thus making me view it as a form of neo-slavery in a way that ones notions have to be suppressed for him or her to work for the church. Advertising Looking for report on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This misconception was explained to me by a Catholic faithful whose view was that working for the Lord required one to be devoid of many forms of worldly distractions, which can take his or her attention from the work (Harvey, 2012, p. 3). It is also explained that it is a practice adopted from the apostles. The clergy people are viewed as successors to the apostles w ho therefore have to follow their footsteps. How my Prior Understanding has been Altered My prior understanding of the catholic religion was altered to some extent after this encounter though there remained so many unanswered questions. Just like many other religions, which have inherited their traditions and practices from the past, the Catholic Church and Catholicism are guided by traditional practices inherited from so many generations thus making up a substantial part of what defines them. My view of this was also informed by my own beliefs in my own religion, which I cannot explain why I have followed it so much. An interaction with a Catholic faithful opened my eyes when the person I was interviewing asked me the same questions I was asking the servant of God. I could not answer some of them thus bringing out the reality that criticism without trying to find the foundations of something can be misleading. My prior understanding of this religion was informed from a point of m isinformation and lack of information. My realization was brought by the new information I was able to get from a Catholic person. Catholics believe that the Catholic Church is the original church that was left behind by Jesus Christ when he died. They believe that their priests are the day-to-day saints who took over from Jesus’ Disciples. This argument is true in a way because the Catholic Church lineage traces it to the original church. Catholics always try to uphold their practices as they were done before by keeping their priest and nuns celibate to work for the church. Williams (2012) reveals, â€Å"The truth is that the clergy members of the church are not denied a right to marry, but they are married to the church and service of the church† (p.370). From this point of view, I was able to understand why it makes so much sense for them based on how it is easily acceptable to them. A previous understanding of something is dependent on the information one has ab out the thing. If one is misinformed form the start, he or she will not know that it is misinformation until he or she finds the right information. Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Report on Religious Field Research specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Thus, I attribute this to the misconceptions I had about the church previously. Though information about other people’s religions can make one understand their practices, it is not one hundred percent convincing. One comes into this conclusion with deep-rooted convictions that can never go away. Thus, it only serves to allow one to coexist with others. It does not to make one give it the same credence the way he or she gave to other religions. Why I believe Misconceptions are Prevalent Misconceptions concerning other individual’s religious beliefs are prevalent in the society that people live in due to the aggressive way they tend to identify with their own religions and or the way people hold on to their religions. This claim is simply due to the view that their faiths are higher-ranking relative to the others. People tend to view other religions as foreign to them. When children grow up, they are usually indoctrinated into certain religious beliefs at a remarkably young age, and the values of that religion imparted into them. This form of brainwashing tends to stick into a person’s mind in a way that changing it is difficult. Therefore, when people are introduced to or exposed to other religions, they tend to notice the difference in beliefs and practices as the first things. Therefore, forming the first line of resistance eventually leads to misconceptions. Misconceptions about religions that are different from ours are common everywhere on this earth. In some places, they take an ultra form of misconception and resistance. The biggest reason for this can be attributed to the fact that most people in society do not have in formation about other religions. Thus, they tend to form their reasoning based on what other people say about the other religions. Therefore, just the way people have been made to believe in their religion, in the same way, they have been misinformed about other religions thus making others either dislike them or hate them unconditionally (Gleason, 2011, p. 440). Misconceptions about other faiths are prevalent due to the need for self-preservation by most religions. Most religions in society have an expansionist approach. Thus, they employ predatory skills in their quest to get more members to join them. This therefore creates a sense of danger to which other religions will always try to resist. Thus, in their resistance, they paint the other religions with colors that are not so attractive. This picture is then transferred to their members and children thus creating a misconception that will keep their religion away from any form of poaching or tapping. Therefore, misconceptions about other people’s faiths are prevalent in society. They seem like a thing that will never end in the near future. However, they will escalate due to the ability of society to pass information.Advertising Looking for report on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conclusion Misconceptions of other people’s religion are a thing in the society they live in that may not go away soon. As much as the society is informed on different religions, the new challenge that has come up is the radicalization of religion, which further sets up the bar for accommodation of other people’s religions (Pink, 2012, p. 48). An example to this claim is the American society’s approach to Islam by associating it with terrorism and loathing of the American presidency ever being taken by a Muslim. This remains a tremendous challenge towards the taking away of misconceptions because every day comes with new challenges that need to be solved thus making it a cycle that runs repeatedly. Reference List Gleason, P. (2011). Working in a Tradition. Historical Review, 97(3), 435-460. Harvey, C. (2012). Bishops, Kings Queens: Church History. History Today, 62(10), 3-4. Pink, T. (2012). Conscience and Coercion. First Things: A monthly Journal of Religion and Public Life, 225(1), 45-51. Williams, D. (2012). Unity and Exclusion in the Roman Catholic Priesthood. Journal of Religious History, 36(3), 368-385.

10 Facts to Imbue the Culture Research Paper with Catchy Info

10 Facts to Imbue the Culture Research Paper with Catchy Info The civilization is a product of the human activity. It grants the birth to various products of culture and a wide spectrum of phenomena which depict the state of society in various periods of time. The purpose of a culture research paper is to present an analysis of some cultural element and expose it to the public. The student is capable of conducting a deeper insight into some particular cultural element and either describe it or provide an investigation to detect some peculiarities or attract some public attention to the studied case. Here you will find ten interesting facts about the culture based on which you will be capable of organizing the material for the research paper on the culture of any type including arts and pop culture essay topics. The Facts about Culture that Will Help to Add Some Catchy Information Culture is everywhere.  This is the most fundamental fact about the culture of humanity. It is described in the definition of the term. The products of culture are the results of mutual work between all people in the world. Basically, this fact makes it easy to select the most appropriate topic for writing as any piece of literature, architecture, art, society is the product of culture. The scientist can analyze either past or add a deeper insight into the modern phenomenon. Culture is social.  Culture is not created by a single person only. It is a product of the activity of numerous representatives of mankind within a particular period of time. Interassociation between numerous people would be a decent addition to the research paper. It is advisable to select several representatives within a single time lap so that it was possible to define characteristic peculiarities of the studied topic. Culture is shared.  Culture is the entity that is shared between the society. Some writers can concentrate upon some mutual events within a single area like some sort of traditions or beliefs. The comparison with other traditions from a different area would be also a fine idea for investigation writing. The detection of some mutual and opposing features will be quite interesting to read about. Culture is historically transmitted.  The history of culture is among the most studied aspects of the science. The history of humanity is comprised of numerous events, and they gave birth to a variety of cultural achievements. It is consistently passed from one generation to another while adding some totally new elements to known culture creations. Culture is an everlasting process.  The most interesting fact about the culture is that it is constantly developing at the changeable speed. That is why it would be advisable to study the culture in progress. The growth of culture should be studied together with all background data, and all of them should be presented in the text for a more fundamental research. Culture is life-implemented.  Culture does not exist aside from the humanity. That is why you should add a fact with its impact on the society. Besides this, the culture can be studied together by means of other sciences as together the result will be more productive and reliable. Culture is flexible.  Culture is not a rigid entity. It is constantly changing under the influence of some side catalyzers. Adding information about some crucial events to the text can improve the quality of the culture research paper. You can also compare the studied object before or after some turning points. Culture is the response to outer factors.  We can consider culture the soul of the society. It is the emotions that react to the things that are taking place among humans. While working on some topic, think what gave birth to the origin of the cultural phenomenon and what contributed to its being what it is now. Culture is in the language.  You can better understand a culture of other people when you start learning the language/-es they speak. Many interesting, sometimes, shocking cultural things are entwined in the language. Moreover, learning foreign languages helps get rid of cultural chinches imposed on us by TV and social media. Ancient culture – the mother of all the modern cultures.  Most traditions, rituals, tendencies in various spheres of the modern life have already existed. Scientists discovered dozens of ancient civilizations who used most of the modern trends and even inventions. We should think that all that we’ve invented is original. In most cases, it is the second life of things that were habitual thousands of years ago. Accept the fact that culture is our greatest richness, and all of us contribute to the creation of the culture the way it is. There are endless opportunities for studying the culture, and all of them have something fascinating to offer to the public. All the information that will be presented in the culture investigation will certainly be fascinating and attractive for every reader who is interested in social events. References: Schwartz, T. (1981). The acquisition of culture. Ethos, 9, 4-17.  https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1525/eth.1981.9.1.02a00020 Global Culture/Individual Identity: Searching for Home in the Cultural Supermarket. Gordon Mathews. New York: Routledge, 2000. 228 pp.  https://books.google.com.ua/books?id=ros1GR2ykH8Cprintsec=frontcoverhl=uksource=gbs_ViewAPIredir_esc=y#v=onepageqf=false Spencer-Oatey, H. (2012) What is culture? A compilation of quotations. GlobalPAD Core Concepts.  https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/al/globalpad/openhouse/interculturalskills/global_pad_-_what_is_culture.pdf Triandis, H. C. (1994) Culture and Social Behavior. New York: McGraw Hill  http://eyewitness.utep.edu/3331/LonnerMalpass1994%20Chap%2024.pdf Levin, Ilya. (2014). CULTURAL TRENDS IN A DIGITAL SOCIETY.  https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ilya_Levin/publication/262414154_CULTURAL_TRENDS_IN_A_DIGITAL_SOCIETY/links/00463537a50e2527ae000000/CULTURAL-TRENDS-IN-A-DIGITAL-SOCIETY.pdf?origin=publication_detail

Comparative Management Analysis of Two Firms. (Biogenta and Outback Assignment

Comparative Management Analysis of Two Firms. (Biogenta and Outback INC) - Assignment Example Comparative Analysis of Both Firms Organizational design and structure Organizational design and structure is main standing base of any corporation operating on a global and local level. If we look at the two scenarios both the companies are completely different in their perspective and focus of production but the nature of work demands innovation nonetheless (Mcfowler 2001). Organizational design and structure mainly consists of six major elements. These six elements consist of work specialization, departmentalization, chain of command, span of control, centralization or decentralization, formalization and traditional designs (Mcfowler 2001). Work specialization In terms of work specialization in organizations the term refers to how much pressure is put on to individuals within the organizations how through different processes each task is carried out. In both the organizations assigned to analyze each had an effective system of recruiting the most talented and skilled staff for the job but the problem for Outback lies in the external environmental forces too (Carroll 1985). The tourism industry is facing a shortfall because of which Australia requires a good number of 42,000 people by 2015. In such a scenario the staff hired should be valued and considered as an asset to the organization whereas the company is applying paternalism to the structure which is de motivating the staff to come up their ideas for revolution and change (Carroll 1985). On the other hand Biogenta is promoting its staff and making efficient use of its human capital by employing them in cross functional teams and making the best use of them (Carroll 1985). Departmental ization Both the organizations Biogenta and Outback have similar division of departments such as finance, marketing, human resource and support (Gitman and Mc Daniel 2009). Among the many types of departmentalization Biogenta chooses to go about product departmentalization and goes for cross functional teams and virtual teams from various departments to cater to different tasks. The good part about it is that it initiates a good flow of information within departments and the negative aspect is that it can only be applied to a limited category of products (Gitman and Mc Daniel 2009). As far as the case of Outback product departmentalization is applied to increase the levels of the system to satisfy family issues because of this there are limited follow up of organizational goals but yet efficient managerial distribution is carried out (Gitman and Mc Daniel 2009). Chain of command There is strict chain of command extending in Outback INC where authority is of supreme

Globalisation and the State - Discuss Literature review

Globalisation and the State - Discuss - Literature review Example This term provides, in a nut shell, the idea of capitalist globalisation. The transnational capitalist class consists of four segments. These are the owners and affiliates of the transnational corporations that control the business objectives and activities of these corporations; politicians and bureaucrats from different nations; professionals working globally in different sectors and finally the consumerist elite class consisting of rich merchants and media professionals (Sklair, 2001). The transnational capital has become an important part of the capital endowment of the world. Different classes in the Marxist understanding refer to the divisions among workers all over the world on the basis of the relation they have with the social production function (Fouskas and Gokay, 2012). The translational capitalist class has no national boundaries and they are forerunners of the modern spree of globalization. This new bourgeoisie class is recognised as the capitalist class and they repres ent the transnational capital. ... However, recently, the concept of sustainable development has evolved and companies are now concerned about the sustainability of their business activities (Robinson, 2003). Great depression of 2008: Capitalism Perspective Various economists and researchers have studied the phenomenon of the global depression which was a consequence of the large scale financial crisis that occurred during 2007-2008. The global depression of the 2008 has been viewed by many scholars under the light of the global capitalist theory (Krugman, 2009). The rise of the transnational capital and transnational capitalist class has led to the emergence of a â€Å"globally integrated production and financial system† (Robinson, 2012). According to the reports published by commentators of events of economic and political significance in the world, the crisis has its roots in the sub-prime loan fiasco in the United States that had surfaced in mid-2007 (Jones, 2004). It has been emphasised that the financial debacle had been taking its shape for a long period of time even before it came to public notice in mid-2007. The overall global recession followed inevitably and remained effective over the next year. The original cause of the crisis lies deep in Marxist understanding. It can be stated with evidence that the crisis situation was a result of contradictions of state power and over-accumulation. Capitalism strives and progresses by the means of capital accumulation. However, over accumulation of capital restricts the direct productive involvement of human capital in the process of the production. Due to over accumulation, the economic system cannot expand. Marginalization of a considerably high portion of the working population from direct productive participation and downward pressure on wages

We the animals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

We the animals - Essay Example r instance, he is not worried about the challenges his family is going through such as his father’s drinking problem and the conflict between his father and mother. The narrator is also a humorous character. This is evident in the sixth chapter after graduating into adulthood, but he still remembers the joys of brotherhood that make him wish to be young again. The brutal treatment and a true portrayal of many families as presented in the novel depict that the narrator is a real and considerate person with respect to the contemporary life experiences. The ending scenes in the last chapter create a nostalgic feeling in the audience’s mind. This is evident in the scene where the narrator speculates into the future tense telling the readers, â€Å"soon they’ll drop out, they’ll skunk around in basement apartments with grown men who keep pet snakes in glass aquariums† (Torres, 2011). A scene from the last chapter also distances the audience from the flow of the story line. The narrator says, â€Å"Look at us, see how I made them easy† (Torres, 2011). This scene presents a stylistic device that likens the writer’s story with his real life experiences. Additionally, a part of the novel also seems to be missing in this scene. This is the part between â€Å"Niagara† and â€Å"The Night I Am Made†, which describes the narrator’s sexual orientation and violence unfolding from his family. Comparable to his brothers at beginning of the story, the readers are voracious and are lef t in a melancholic mood of wanting to know more about the left part. I feel that Torres would have created reader’s anticipations to satisfy their reading appetite when he follows up this debut with a second appealing novel like We the Animals. This book touches real life experiences of many individuals as presented in different scenes. For instance, the hardships these boys went through are the extreme versions of what most of the readers remember about their childhood lifestyles. I was

Phuket Beach Resort Essay Example for Free

Phuket Beach Resort Essay Case Report : Phuket Beach Hotel Executive Summary Phuket Beach Hotel has space located on second floor of the main building which was underutilized. Planet Karaoke pub was expanding in Thailand and looking for a venue in patong beach area for setting up another outlet. Planet Karaoke Pub found unused space of the hotel most suitable for their new venture. Beach Karaoke pub project does not considered salary as excess man power is available but if we considered cost of staff salary, Beach Karaoke pub becomes less attractive. There are many factors that cannot be quantified but they need to be addressed for the evaluation of the projects including Security issues. Additional security guards can be hired to maintain law and order but the costs of extra security is not provided for analysis. Recommendation Wanida should suggest an investment recommendation in favor of the Planet Karaoke Club (PKC) project. Reference : On-line segments Text Book – Financial management (Theory Practices) Phuket Beach Hotel report

Politics Essays Organisation Global Governance

Politics Essays Organisation Global Governance Organisation Global Governance Introduction and organisation of work Contemporary international politics have rendered irrelevant the Westphalian order which bestowed sovereign states ultimate authority within a defined territory. This began shortly after the end of the Cold War in 1989. The end of the war gave the hegemonic power; the United States the chance to reform the world along its capitalist ideology. Coincidentally, the animosities suppressed for decades by the Cold War alliances were also released and led to intrastate conflicts. The effects of these post cold war relations led the society to metamorphous into the emerging system of governance. Professor Duffield in his book, ‘‘Global Governance and the New Wars: the Merging of Development and Security’’ postulates that the emerging system is that of a global governance which emanated out of the complexes into a system striving to address the development and security issues. To assess this argument, this paper is divided into five parts. The first part will be used to define key concepts while the second part will evaluate the post cold war changes and trace the erosion of the powers of sovereign states to show the vacuum being filled by global governance. The third part will evaluate the strategic actors of the process and trace the networks of operation adopted by each. The fourth part will examine the process of governance between state and non state actors, identify the approach adopted by the system to contain or neutralise conflict and the concluding part will examine the effectiveness or otherwise of this approach. Definition of Concepts Complex emergency is defined by United Nations agencies as any crisis capable of igniting a conflict-related humanitarian disaster and social dislocation which requires a collective response from the international community (Duffield 2001; 12). Complex emergencies are easily identified by these characteristics; deteriorating central government, ethno-religious conflicts, food insecurity, drought, hyperinflation just to mention a few. These emergencies lead to the displacement and subsequent movement of people (refugees) across national boundaries (Weiss and Gordenker; 1996,67). The clashes between insurgents and government troops in Somalia, the Darfur crises in Sudan and the looming crisis in Kenya following the results of the just concluded elections are examples of complex emergencies. Globalisation is simply the process of increasing interconnectedness between societies such that the event in one region have impacts on people in other parts of the world (Baylis and Smith 2001;8) Duffield defined globalisation as the process of deconstruction and decentralisation of the power and authority of the state. He noted that the growing influence of non state actors, market liberalisation, formation of networks between various actors from the local to global level are stages in globalisation which has given rise to a growing private sector (Ibid;2001,164). Proponents of Neo medievalism opined that the process where states are overlaid, cross-cut and replaced by a range of multilayered public/private arrangements bridging the micro-level, the meso-level and transnational poses a threat to state stability. They predicted a likely replay of the medieval period and its chaos as the modern day state structure in the face of overstretched functions (Cerny; 1998). This neo-medievalism fear is being solved by the emerging system of global governance which Duffield opined that it is an adaptive and selective inclusive system that; ‘‘thrives on creating networks that bridge traditional boundaries, specialism and disciplinesIn response to the new wars and the merging of development and security, innovative strategic complexes-linking state and non-state actors, public and private organisations, military and civilian organisations, and so on (Duffield 2001; 45). You can get expert help with your essays right now. Find out more Global governance to Weiss and Gordenker is the summation of efforts meant to bring more orderly and reliable responses to social and political issues beyond the capacities of individual states (Weiss and Gordenker; 1999, 12). Finkelstein (1995; 365) defined global governance as governing without sovereign authority with relations that transcend national frontiers. It is simply a new infrastructure of global regulation that has evolved, reaching ever more deeply into the domestic affairs of states and societies (Held and McGrew;2002, 8). Post Cold War Changes During the period before 1970s, state government aspired and provided several welfare services to its citizens. However, the end of the economic boom in the North that began in the 1940s challenged the ability of the state to meet the welfare needs of the populace. Instead of providing more welfare services, the growing inflation led to increased tax which resulted in revolts in Carlifornia, Denmark etc. (Wilson, G. 2000,238 ). While the state was being internally challenged, the end of the Cold War and the raise of capitalist ideology brought external challenges of globalisation to the overstretched states. Free market economy reduced state powers to impose tax or regulate imports and exports. There was also an increase in nationalist separatist movements such as the Irish troubles in Britain, Quebec crisis in Canada, separatist movement in Basque land in Spain, Italian Northern League secession, France has Corsica conflicts to deal with. These conflicts compounded the plight of the sovereign state and resulted in adjustments of state authority. The South was not excluded from these crises but rather had more challenging situations to deal with (Graham, W. 2000). The new wars account for the raise in seceded state in the 1990s. Singapore and Bangladesh were the only countries to succeed in the 40 years before 1989 while the 1990s witnessed the emergent of 10 states. Failed states also became a reoccurring phenomenon in Africa. The on-going Islamic fundamentalism is part of post cold war development that is challenged the essence of sovereign nation-states (Duffield, 1997, 528, 2001,13). Rather than interpreting the new wars as symptoms of a failed modernisation process, Duffield views them as extension of politics between opposing societies which transforms the socio-economic and political sectors of the societies. The new wars and the decline in parallel economy brought about a new socio-economic and political structure in agreement in Duffield notion on wars. This is reflected in the number of countries that subscribed to the Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAP) of the World Bank. This transformed most economies into shadow economies and opened them up to international influence. Donor aid agencies applauded this transformation to conventional international practice by stating that such policies complement their development activities. Part of the reforms of SAP is the privatisation of state owned enterprises to cut down government welfare expenditure. Duffield contends that SAP polices ‘‘accelerated the dismantling of non-viable state patronage networks’’ (ibid; 2001, 150). Privatisation opened state economies to international financial institutions and brought about innovatory reforms. The 1980s was marked with therefore marked with efforts by Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Regan and leaders of the north to roll back the frontiers of state. Their successors also accepted that the time had come to modify state competence as the verbal rhetoric was matched with state reforms. Efforts to salvage the dwindling economies and escalating new wars resulted in a re-interpretation of development and security as interwoven. Tracing the new wars to development crises, raised the awareness that ‘‘poverty anywhere is a threat to prosperity everywhere’’ and the mergence of development and security efforts. Underdevelopment is now considered dangerous and capable of causing violence and regional instability. This posture is accented by the European Union and other organisations. The EU asserts this fact by stating that development agencies need to take into cognizance the need to balance various interests in the society to legitimise democracy while building peaceful conciliation between various interest groups. (Ibid; 2001, 38) Find out how our expert essay writers can help you with your work Duffield opined that, post cold war security threat to the North is no longer perceived in terms of interstate conflicts to be defeated through formation of alliance and nuclear deterrence. The new wars blur distinctions between civilians, army and government. The nature of these intrastate conflicts resulted in the formation of network and links between non-territorial states and non-states actors akin to the threat. Instead of military alliances, state governments now team up with NGOs, donor agencies, military organizations and other development partners. Security sector reforms which aims at providing security for people in an effective and efficient manner within a democratic civilian control is now universally pursued. These developments reduced the power of sovereign states to independently resolve all the crises within its territories. While states were losing their competence, World Bank, International Monetary Fund and the World Trade Organisation increased their influence as proponents of the emerging liberal economy. The liberal market favoured conglomerates who were now transnational corporations after buying up public enterprises. The formal power the states had to regulate the economy and provide welfare services to the populace were now with the international financial institutions and transnational corporations. In the same vein, the trans-border crises led to a proliferation of community bases and international NGOs. In partnership with each other, these NGOs have a world-wide network advocating for better conditions and providing humanitarian services to people, especially in war torn states. Hence, NGOs became relevant organisation meeting the needs of people while the states were cutting down their public expenditure. To establish a liberal peace through conflict resolution, society reconstruction and establishment of a functioning market, states and non states actors entered into a purpose driven relationship analysed in the following section. Key Actors and Networks of Global Governance To limit global governance to humanitarian intervention, multi-lateral relations and all that without looking at the economic driving force is limiting the entire process. It is common knowledge that the liberalisation policies formulated by the Bretton Wood Institutions set the set for globalisation. The institutions are the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). The World Trade Organisation (WTO) by virtue of its role in the international financial system partners with the two. These three financial institutions regulate the system of global governance base on their different mandates. The World Bank promotes Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAP) as the panacea to problems of underdevelopment and fund large scale development projects. The IMF provides loan to interested countries while the WTO sets the rule for free and fair world trade. They work together to open up channels and remove barriers in every country for free flow of trade and investment across boundaries. (Cavanagh and Mander; 2004, 55) The Structural Adjustment Programme, the recipe for development works by devaluing the country’s currency, liberalising markets, eliminating tariff and cutting down government expenditure through removal of price subsidy (Ibid; 2004 ). Though World Bank conditionalities have drawn criticisms from various sectors, it remains the condition for taking development loans. This financial power of the World Bank has spread its influence worldwide, especially in resource poor countries. World Bank loans have contributed to the development of some countries as well as entrapping others. The total debt of all developing countries in 1980 was $609 billion, the amount rose to $2.4 trillion in 2001. This shows the amount committed by the bank to development efforts and the debt burden which has become a string binding third world countries to the bank. (Cavanagh and Mander; 2004, 57). Apart from providing loans to countries, World Bank also issues low-interest loans to transnational corporations to enable them establish control over natural resources. The bank remains a major contributor to global greenhouse emissions. The bank also finances capital intensive development projects in various states. Similarly, the IMF was created to ensure stability in the international financial system. It does this by making balance of payment adjustments and imposing sanctions on erring states. IMF sanction is an effective tool for regulating nation states. In conjunction with the World Bank, IMF work strives to remove protectionism and other government anti-liberal economic policies. The recent ‘comprehensive development framework’ enacted in consultation with the Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors of the Group of Seven (G7) shows the incorporation of state actors in the decision making process. The criticism of the SAP policy has necessities its modification. This shows that the body relies on input from the society to function properly. While it is difficult to list countries that developed on loans and economic prescription from the IMF, the body remains a key actor in the emerging global governance. You can get expert help with your essays right now. Find out more The 1994 Uruguay Round of General Agreement on Tariff and Trade (GATT) armed the WTO with a strong enforcement system to coordinate fair trade among countries and impose sanction on those exceeding the agreed boundary. This regulatory power is demonstrated in the body’s sanction on the US when the latter tried to impose 100% tariff on certain European exports in retaliation to the 1999 WTO ‘banana wars’(Cavanagh and Mander; 2004. 66). The power to impose sanction, regulate trade and maintain order shows how the system is managed. On-going plans by the WTO to further annihilate territorial barriers include the bid to prohibit government from making policies in banking, media and policy that give local investors preference over their foreign counterparts (Cavanagh and Mander; 2004,69) The same economic arrangement is in the regions by regional banks such as the African Development Bank, (ADB), the Inter-America Development Bank and the Asian Development Bank (ADB). These banks work with the various finance ministries and Central Banks in their region to tailor economies after the World Bank model. Closely related to that is complimentary change in the commercial sector. Duffield asserts that liberalisation of the economy gives transnational corporations and private security firms economic powers to regulatory the economy and influence government policies. Therefore it is no longer possible for states to have a separate economy as all economies are controlled by transnational companies. Willetts (Baylis and Smith; 2001, 430) observed that government have lost the control of financial flow as demonstrated by the currency crisis of 1980s and 1990s. During this period the dollar, the pound, the French franc and the yen were hapless against the transnational banks The impact of these reforms is felt by countries trying to regulate internal commercial activity. Under unfavourable state economic policies, transnational corporations threaten to move their investments out of the country. Relocating these investments will ignite serious economic problems for the host countries such as unemployment and a fall in the gross domestic products. Governments in their efforts to attract foreign direct investment formulate policies that accommodate transnational companies. Hence a government that imposes least demanding health safety, welfare and environmental standards is an investors’ haven (Baylis and Smith; 2001,431). However, transnational corporations are not a low to themselves. Regulations on their conduct are arrived at between the corporations and the UN, an example is the 1999 UN Global Compact Initiative which deals with issues of labour, human rights and the environment. Transnational corporations also carry out various development projects in host communities under the principle of corporate social responsibility. Corporate social responsibility ensures that corporations make business decisions that meets the ethical, commercial and public expectation of how business should be managed (Garsten, C: 2003, 360). While building alliances with NGOs such as the Amnesty International and Transparency International, some transnational corporations adopted the voluntary codes of conduct and industrial human rights within their governing principles. A recent example of adhering to human rights principles is the recent withdrawal of some products from the market in by GAP, a transnational company following discovery that child labour was used in the production process. Global governance has led to an unprecedented growth in the number of multinational corporations collaborating with the UN, World Bank and other actors of global governance. This resulted to various commitments made by NGOS, IGOs and donor agencies to partnership with the private sector to achieve sustainable development and security. The 1997 UK government White Paper on International Development made a commitment to; ‘‘move away from a narrow relationship based on individual contracts to a broader sharing of approaches to the eradication of poverty, drawing on the extensive skills of the British private sector’’ (Duffield; 2001, 63) . Duffield described this system as one characterised by decentralisation of power, devolution of authority and cooperation in various capacities between states and non states actors, private and public institutions as well as military and civilian establishments. The emerging global governance thrives on establishing networks across boundaries to share information, build synergies of comparative advantage and coordinate actions against contemporary challenges. This accounts for the continuous economic integration and political unification being pursued by regional organisations such as the European Union and African Union albeit weak resistance and hesitation from some member states (Duffield; 1997, 528). The border restrictions have withered away as citizens of any West African country has free access to other West African countries. In Europe, the Euro is now a legal tender within some EU member nations. Talks for common foreign policy and other unifying reforms are in high gear. Despite losing some of its influence in the state due to the emerging global governance, Duffield alludes that ‘‘governments have acquired the ability to project authority through non-territorial and non-state systems’’ (Duffield; 2001, 72). Besides creating conduit for other actors to intervene in troubled zones, state participation legitimises activities of non state actors like NGOs. Governments’ controlled military force remains a sine qua non for peacekeeping. As key actors in global governance, states make up the IGOs, regional organisations, and finance some donor agencies. A case in point is the US President Bush Emergency Plan for Aids Relief in Africa (PEPFAR), a health programme coordinated by the Harvard University in collaboration with local NGOs in Botswana, Uganda and Nigeria. Closely related to that is strengthening of development and security ties between countries in regional, continental and multilateral organisations. Duffield posit that the shortly after the end of the Gulf War, the rise in complex emergencies demanded a system-wide approach to bring succour to the affected people. This led to the creation of the UN Department of Humanitarian Affairs (DHA) now Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), to mobilise and coordinate aid agencies in emergency situations. In the same vein, regional organisations emerged to prevent occurrence of man made emergencies and alleviate peoples’ suffering during complex emergencies in their regions. While the European Union established ECHO in 1993 for this course, ECOWAS has a Humanitarian and Social Affairs Department manage disaster and coordinate emergency management response team. ECOWAS Department of Defence and Security manage ECOMOG, the military monitoring unit of ECOWAS in conflict areas. Apart from ECOWAS, other African countries group under other regional umbrellas such as the East Africa Community (EAC), Southern African Development Community (SADC) Community of Sahel-Sahara States (CEN-SAD) and others. These regional bodies meet periodically in the African Union to foster development and security of each region and Africa as a whole. It is important to note that these bodies strive to partner with state and non state actors to provide succour during emergencies. A case in point is the recent assessment of development and stability of African states conducted by the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) with the African Peer Review Mechanism. It is in this light that the African Union in collaboration with UN Global Compact is organising a forum on Africa’s industrial drive: The private sector and corporate citizenship billed for 22 January, 2008. With such trans-border relations’ going on in other regions of the world, to say that a system of global governance is emerging is stating the obvious. Another response to the inability of states to solve world problems is the proliferation of influential NGOs since the 1990s. Duffield compared the current role played by NGO in complimenting government development and security strives with their former subcontractor status to illustrate this steady rise in their activities and influence. Presently, relationships are established as means to an end -sustainable development and security. NGOs have taken over some functions of state governments. For example, the primary education in Sri Lanka was managed by NGOs when the state government collapse during the 1987 civil war while the Bangladesh Rural Action Committee (BRAC) runs 35,000 schools in the country (Weiss and Gordenker; 1996, 30). The World Bank also partner with NGOs to provide capital intensive projects in communities. For example, the bank made provisions for NGO participation in 30% of its projects in 1993. In the same vein, the UN relies on NGOs to provide humanitarian assistance during and after conflict. NGOs managed 40% of the refugees created by the 1991 Kurdish crisis in Iraq while the UN catered for 30% of the refugees (ibid; 1996, 31). Find out how our expert essay writers can help you with your work During conflicts, UN gets the consent of warring groups to enable humanitarian agents provide aid for civilian in war zone. This negotiated access has increased the influence and efficiencies of NGOs and other humanitarian groups. The common commitment of NGOs to alleviate human suffering makes them intervene in emergencies. This can be through Northern NGOs funding relief efforts via their Southern partners or by direct involvement of local and international. In direct involvement, Northern NGOs build partnership with Southern governments, Southern NGOs and the local affected community (Anderson and Woodrow; 1998, 37). Another pointer identified by Duffield to buttress the rising relevance of NGOs which supports his postulation of emerging global governance is the expanding network of NGOs. This includes platforms such as the Sterling Committee for Humanitarian Response, whose responsibility is to further cooperation among aid agencies. Furthermore, NGOs have become advocates of international reforms preaching the message gotten from field to other players of international politics. The International Federation of Red Cross Societies’ code of conduct governing impartiality and accountability in humanitarian operations has been widely subscribed to by key organisations. Closely related to that, Amnesty International monitors human rights abuses in the states and puts pressure on the state to turn over a new leaf, while Transparency International monitors the socio-economic and political activities in states. It rates state annually from the most corrupt to the least corrupt. This rating goes a long way to determine investments made by transnational corporations in various countries. While the Bretton woods institutions spin the economic wheel of global governance, Duffield asserted that the present liberal system of global governance dashed the expectations of many who following the end of the cold war expected the United Nation (UN) to evolve into a global government. Rather than that happening, the UN remains an important actor in the emerging global governance. As an organisation of all nation states, the UN article 71 empowers its organ the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) to ‘make suitable arrangements for consultation with non-governmental organisations which are concerned with matters within its competence’’. Similarly, in 11 paragraphs of principle in ECOSOC Resolution 1296 (XLIV), NGOs that seek consultative status in world affairs must have embrace goals within the UN economic and social scope. It further requires submission of data on the NGO budget and source of funds (Weiss and Gordenker; 1996, 21-22). These provisions enables the UN to play a coordinating role in the emerging system to ensure that non-state actors imbibe and work within the common guiding principles of nation-states enshrined in the charter of the world body. Closely related to the framework of ECOSOC, the UN Department of Public Information maintains a check on the information dissemination of NGOs. (Ibid; 1996, 23) These trends show the importance the UN on behalf of member states attach to network and alliance formation between NGOs and other non-state actors. In practical situations, UN foster cooperation with NGOs base on NGO community based approach which effectively bridges the gap between relief and development. A case in point is the formation of Partners in Action (Par in Ac) by the UNHCR and ICVA to increase the capacity of responding to global refugee crisis and internally displaced persons.(ibid; 1996, 29) To direct global policy towards eradiating the world problems, the UN set a Millennium Development Goals to be achieved by 2015. The MDGs have become the policy thrust for most countries of the Southern hemisphere. Alongside the aforementioned linkages between the various states and non-state actors to combat global crises is the role played private security companies. Duffield asserts that a cordial understanding between the military and civilian exist in global governance. Regular state military are used to police agreed ceasefire and create conduit for aid providers. During intervention when state military is not provided, private security companies are contracted to provide military advice and security for aid workers. Duffield sites an example with when the US based Military Professional Resources Incorporated (MPRI) was contracted to provide military service to the Croatian government in 1994 under the Democracy Transition Assistance Programme, due to UN arms embargo on Croatia. In summation of the various forms and relations among state and non-state actors, it is evident that sovereign states are gradually losing their competence to provide security and development in the new system. However, they have adapted themselves as partners in progress with non-state actors who now provide innovative forms of mobilisation, intervention and systems of material reward in the interests of global governance. (Duffield; 2002 77) You can get expert help with your essays right now. Find out more Process of Global Governance Base on its definition, global governance is the process of governance which involves state and non state actors working through formal and informal ways to find solutions to the problems of development and security that is beyond the capacity of any individual public or private actor. Interdependent networks of action are formed in the process between all actors from the state level to the regional, continental and global plane. James Rosenau captures this as the degree which authority is formally established to the degree it flows in horizontal and vertical order. (Sending and Neumann; 2006) Hence the variety of actors such as governments, transnational corporations, NGOs and IGOs involve in the process is of major interest. The working arrangement shows that the result of the erosion of state power and the proliferation of NGOs and other actors resulted in the state losing its principal control of governing activities within or across its territories and adapted to the emergent system as a mediator to legitimise the powers of the new actors before its citizens. (Sending and Neumann:2006,655) To assert sovereignty, the bedrock of government, states enact laws to dictate how the country is governed, while global governance replaces law with tactics. Tactics are used to enforce compliance from individuals, groups and the state as a whole (Sending and Neumann: 2006, 656). The conditions set by the Bretton Woods institution to dictate how states run their economy is a strong example of using means rather than laws to achieve set objectives. Sending and Neumann use the Graham Burchell work quoted below to drive home the point; ‘‘offering’’ individuals and collectivities active involvement in action to resolve the kind of issues hitherto held to be the responsibility of authorized governmental agencies. However, the price of this involvement is that they must assume active responsibility for these activities, both for carrying them out and, of course, for their outcomes, and in so doing they are required to conduct t